ʿAqīdah
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ʿAqīdah (Arabic: عقيدة, plural Arabic: عقائد, ʿaqāʾid, also sometimes spelled Aqeeda, Aqidah or ʿAqīda) is an Islamic term meaningcreed.
Any religious belief system, or creed, can be considered an example of
aqidah. However this term has taken a significant technical usage in
Muslim history and theology, denoting those matters over which Muslims
hold conviction. It is a branch of Islamic studies describing the beliefs of the Islamic faith.
Literally, the word ʿaqīdah is derived from the triconsonantal root ʿqd (ʿaqada), which means "to tie" or "knot".
Contents
[hide]Introduction[edit]
According to Muslim scholar Cyril Glasse, "systematic statements of
belief became necessary, from early Islam on, initially to refute
heresies, and later to distinguish points of view and to present them,
as the divergences of schools of theology or opinion increased.[1]
The "first" creed written as "a short answer to the pressing heresies of the time" is known as Fiqh Akbar and ascribed to Abū Ḥanīfa.[1][2] Two well known creeds were the Fiqh Akbar II[3] "representative" of the al-Ash'ari, and Fiqh Akbar III, "representative" of the Ash-Shafi'i.[1] Al-Ghazali also had a ʿAqīdah.[1] These creeds were more detailed than those described below.
Six articles of belief[edit]
The six articles of faith or belief, derived from the Quran and Sunnah (Arkan al-Imam).[4] is accepted by all Muslims. While there are differences between Shias and Sunnis and
other different schools or sects, concerning issues such as the
attributes of God or about the purpose of angels, the six articles are
not disputed.
The six Sunni articles of belief are:
- Belief in God (Allah), the one and only one worthy of all worship (tawhid).
- Belief in the Angels (mala'ika).
- Belief in the Books (kutub) sent by God[5] (including the Qurʾān).
- Belief in all the Prophets (nabi) and Messengers (rusul) sent by God
- Belief in the Day of Judgment (qiyama) and in the Resurrection (life after death).
- Belief in Destiny (Fate) (qadar).
The first five are based on several Qurʾānic creeds:
- Whoever disbelieveth in God and His angels and His scriptures and His messengers and the Last Day, he verily wandered far stray (4:136)
- Who is an enemy of God, His Angels, His Messengers, Gabriel and Michael! Then, lo! God is an enemy to the disbelievers (2:98)
- …righteous is he who believeth in God and the Last Day and the angels and the scripture and the prophets (2:177)
- …believer believe in God and His angels and His scriptures and His messengers (2:285)
The sixth point made it into the creed because of the first theological
controversy in Islām. Although not connected with the sunni-shiʿi
controversy about the succession, the majority of Twelfer Shiʿites do
not stress God's limitless power (qadar), but rather is boundless
justice ʿadl as
the sixth point of believe – this does not mean that Sunnis deny his
justice, or Shiʿites negate his power, just the emphasis is different.[citation needed]
In Sunni and Shia view, having Iman literally
means to have belief in Six articles. However the importance of Iman
relies heavily upon reasons. Islam explicitly asserts that belief should
be maintained in that which can be proven using faculties of perception
and conception.[citation needed]
Tawhid[edit]
Tawhid ("doctrine of Oneness") is the concept of monotheism in Islam. It
is the religion's most fundamental concept and holds that God (Allah)
is one (wāḥid) and unique (āḥad), and the Only One worthy of Worship,
differing from the Jew and Christian views, which direct acts of worship
to Jesus, for example.
According to Islamic belief, Allah is the proper name of God, and humble
submission to his will, divine ordinances and commandments is the pivot
of the Muslim faith. "He is the only God, creator of the universe, and
the judge of humankind." "He is unique (wāḥid) and inherently one
(aḥad), all-merciful and omnipotent." The Qur'an declares "the reality
of Allah, His inaccessible mystery, His various names, and His actions
on behalf of His creatures."
Iman[edit]
Iman, in Islamic theology denotes a believer's faith in the metaphysical aspects of Islam.[6][7] Its most simple definition is the belief in the six articles of faith, known as arkān al-īmān.
Hadith of Gabriel[edit]
The Hadith of Gabriel includes the Five Pillars of Islam (Tawhid, Salat, Sawm, Zakat, Hajj)
in answer to the question, "O messenger of God, what is Islam?" This
hadith is sometimes called the "truly first and most fundamental creed".[1]
Salat[edit]
Salat,
is the practice of formal worship in Islam. Its importance for Muslims
is indicated by its status as one of the Five Pillars of Islam, with a
few dispensations for those for whom it would be difficult. People who
find it physically difficult can perform Salat in a way suitable for
them. To perform valid Salat, Muslims must be in a state of ritual
purity, which is mainly achieved by ritual ablution, (wuḍūʾ), according
to prescribed procedures.
Sawm[edit]
Sawm,
is the word for fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence. In the
terminology of Islamic law, sawm means to abstain from eating, drinking
(including water) and sexual intercourse from dawn till dusk. The
observance of sawm during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan is one of the Five Pillars of Islam, but is not confined to that month.
Zakat[edit]
Zakāt,
or alms-giving is the practice of charitable giving by Muslims based on
accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all who are able to do so. It
is considered to be a personal responsibility for Muslims to ease
economic hardship for others and eliminate inequality.
Hajj[edit]
The Hajj, is an Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca and
the largest gathering of Muslims in the world every year. It is one of
the five pillars of Islam, and a religious duty which must be carried
out by every able-bodied Muslim who can afford to do so at least once in
his or her lifetime.
Other tenants[edit]
In addition some Muslims include Jihad, Dawah as part of ʿAqīdah
Jihad[edit]
Jihad,
literally means to endeavor, strive, labor to apply oneself, to
concentrate, to work hard, to accomplish. It could be used to refer to
those who physically, mentally or economically serve in the way of
Allah.[8]
Dawah[edit]
Main article: Dawah
Da‘wah ("invitation")
means the proselytizing or preaching of Islam. Da‘wah literally means
"issuing a summon" or "making an invitation", being an active participle
of a verb meaning variously "to summon" or "to invite". A Muslim who
practices da‘wah, either as a religious worker or in a volunteer
community effort, is called a dā‘ī (داعي plural du‘āh, gen: du‘āt دعاة).
A dā‘ī is thus a person who invites people to understand Islam through
dialogue, not unlike the Islamic equivalent of a missionary inviting
people to the faith, prayer and manner of Islamic life.
Eschatology[edit]
Main article: Islamic eschatology
Eschatology is
literally understood as the last things or ultimate things and in
Muslim theology, eschatology refers to the end of this world and what
will happen in the next world or hereafter. Eschatology covers the death
of human beings, their souls after their bodily death, the total
destruction of this world, the resurrection of human souls, the final judgmentof
human deeds by Allāh after the resurrection, and the rewards and
punishments for the believers and non-believers respectively. The places
for the believers in the hereafter are known as Paradise and for the non-believers as Hell.
Views specific to other Muslim schools[edit]
In the history of Muslim theology, there have been theological schools
among Muslims displaying both similarities and differences with each
other in regard to beliefs.
Shiʿi beliefs and practices[edit]
Shiʿi Muslims hold that there are five articles of belief. Similar to
the Sunnis, the Shiʿis do not believe in complete predestination, or
complete free will. They believe that in human life there is a both free
will and predestination.
Twelver's Roots of Religion (Uṣūl ad-Dīn)[edit]
Main article: Principles of the Religion
- Tawhīd (Oneness): The Oneness of Allah.
- Adalah (Justice): The Justice of Allah.
- Nubuwwah (Prophethood): Allah has appointed perfect and infallible prophets and messengers to teach mankind the religion (i.e. a perfect system on how to live in "peace".)
- Imamah (Leadership): God has appointed specific leaders to lead and guide mankind — a prophet appoints a custodian of the religion before his demise.
- Qiyamah (The Day of Judgment): Allah will raise mankind for Judgment
Ismaili beliefs[edit]
The branch of Islam known as the Ismāʿīlīs is the second largest Shiʿi community. They observe the following pillars of Islam:
Muʿtazilite view[edit]
In terms of the relationship between human beings and their creator, Mu'tazilites emphasize human free will over predestination. They also reduced the divine attributes to the divine essence.[9]
Athari[edit]
Main article: Athari
For the Atharis, the "clear" meaning of the Qur'an and especially the
prophetic traditions have sole authority in matters of belief, as well
as law, and to engage in rational disputation, even if one arrives at
the truth, is absolutely forbidden.[10] Atharis engage in an amodal reading of the Qur'an, as opposed to one engaged in Ta'wil (metaphorical
interpretation). They do not attempt to rationally conceptualize the
meanings of the Qur'an and believe that the real meanings should be
consigned to God alone (tafwid).[11] This theology was taken from exegesis of the Quran and statements of the early Muslims and later codified by a number of scholars including Ahmad ibn Hanbal and Ibn Qudamah.
Literature pertaining to creed[edit]
Many Muslim scholars have attempted to explain Islamic creed in general,
or specific aspects of aqidah. The following list contains some of the
most well-known literature.
Sunni literature[edit]
- Mukhtasar Shu'ab al-Imān or "The 77 branches of faith" by the Imām al-Bayhaqi
- al-ʿAqīdah aṭ-Ṭaḥāwiyya or "The Fundamentals of Islamic Creed by the Imām aṭ-Ṭaḥāwī. This has been accepted by almost all Sunnī Muslims (Atharis, Ashʿarīs, Māturīdīs). Several Islamic scholars have written about the Tahawiyya creed, including Ali al-Qari, 'Abd al- Ghani al-Ghunaymi, Ibn Abī 'l-ʿIzz and Ibn Bāz.
- al-ʿAqīdah al-Wāsiṭiyyah or "The Fundamentals of Islamic Creed as given to the people of Wāsiṭ, Iraq" by Ibn Taymiya.
- Sharh as Sunnah or the Explanation of the Sunna by Al-Barbahaaree. Lists approximately 170 points pertaining to the fundamentals of Aqidah.
- Khalq Af'aal al-Ibad (The Creation of the acts of Servants) by Bukhari. It shows the opinion of early scholars (Salaf) but it does not cover all topics.
- Lum'at-ul-'Itiqaad by Ibn Qudamah. Details the creed of the early Imams of the Sunni Muslims and one of the key works in Athari creed.
- al-Uloow by al-Dhahabī. Details the opinions of early scholars on matters of creed.
- Ibaanah by Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari.
- Risālah al-Qudsiyyah or "The Jerusalem Tract" by Imam al-Ghazali where the rules of faith are discussed.
- "Sa'd al-Din al-Taftazani on the Creed of Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi
Shia literature[edit]
- Shiʿite Islam Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī: translated by Hossein Nasr; (also reprinted under the title Shi'a.)"
- Root and Branches of Faith by Maqbul Hussein Rahim
- Shi'ism Doctrines, Thought and Spirituality by Hossein Nasr
Gallery[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e Glasse, Cyril (2001). New Encyclopedia of Islam (Revised Edition ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 105.
- ^ Abu Hanifah An-Nu^man. "Al- Fiqh Al-Akbar". aicp.org. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
- ^ Al-Fiqh Al-Akbar II With Commentary by Al-Ninowy
- ^ Joel Beversluis (ed.). Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and .... New World Library. pp. 68–9.
- ^ http://al-quran.info/#&&sura=2&aya=177&trans=en- arthur_arberry&show=both,quran-uthmani&format=rows&ver=1.00
- ^ Farāhī, Majmū‘ah Tafāsīr, 2nd ed. (Faran Foundation, 1998), 347.
- ^ Frederick M. Denny, An Introduction to Islam, 3rd ed., p. 405
- ^ Khalid Mahmood Shaikh
- ^ Nader El-Bizri, ‘God: essence and attributes’, in The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic theology, ed. Tim Winter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 121-140
- ^ Jeffry R. Halverson, Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam. ISBN 0230106587, p 36.
- ^ Jeffry R. Halverson, Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam. ISBN 0230106587, p 36-37
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